45/45 degree lighting
This is where the light source is placed at a 45 degree angle in front AND above the item being photographed.
The shadow and the catchlight on the apple show the position of the light, the lighting is soft and flattering, and because the light is coming from the left, the right side is slightly shadowed, giving the image more depth.
High Key
This technique is very popular and is very flattering for portraits. The overall image is high on light, usually with a white backgrounds, minimal shadows and even light all over the image.
The background on this is very white, and the light on the apple is bright, and ever-so-slightly overexposed. It doesnt really work so well on a coloured apple but high key works very well on portraits and its something i have used many times myself.
Low Key
This is where the tones over the image are dark and there are little highlights, its very often used in portrait work, usually on a black background.
you can see in this image that there are a lot of dark areas in this shot and only one light source, the image is pleasing and atmospheric.
Top Light
This is where the light source is placed directly above the subject, casting all the light downwards.
you can see the highlights placed on the apple are directly on the top, and the shadows are placed fairly evenly around the bottom. In a portrait, this would create some quite harsh shadows and, if done correctly, would make for quite a dramatic picture.
Backlight
This is when the light source is placed behind the subject, facing into the camera. This creates a silhouette of the subject which is very dramatic and effective if done correctly.
you can still see some detail in the apple, a hint of colour and skin texture, but mostly the apple is silhouetted. the light behind the apple is bright and it creates a very pleasing effect.
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